Father Ryan's E-mail Q&A
Hi Father Ryan, I am a lector at my parish at home in New Jersey. When I'm home for the summer, I try to attend Mass a few times a week and offer to lector when I attend. One day, our priest said something like, "Well, this will be a simple Mass because it's a ferial day." I wanted to ask him after Mass what that word means as it relates Mass and the readings, but, I didn't have time. So, what is a "ferial"? PatriciaDear Patricia, it's nice to hear that you take advantage of going to Mass during the week when you can! A ferial day is one that is not a Sunday and a day when no particular feast or liturgical celebration is being commemorated--in a sense, it could be considered an "ordinary, nothing particularly unusual day," if that doesn't sound disrespectful.
Dear Father Ryan: How come some Catholic priests are allowed to be married? Are you married? I am not Catholic. James
Dear James: For a number of centuries, priests were permitted to marry in the Roman Catholic tradition. However, as time went on, celibacy became more widely practiced, and, for a variety reasons, priestly celibacy was mandated in the Roman Church in the 12th century, though, again, it had been observed, voluntarily, for quite some time before it was mandated. And, yes, today, in the Roman Church, there are, for example, some married priests, with full families, who belonged to, for example, the Episcopal Church, but who, through discernment, made the decision to convert to the Catholic tradition. Upon receiving permission from a given Catholic bishop, these priests were and are accepted into the Roman Church, and many continue to minister fully in our Church, yes, as married priests. In the Eastern Catholic Church, I might also point out, a married priesthood is also acceptable and traditional. And no, I am not married, but I don't mind that you asked. Father Ryan
Hi Father Ryan, during the summer, while I was attending Mass at my home parish in Florida, the deacon who was preaching mentioned something about the "messianic secret" in St. Mark's Gospel. I have to admit, my mind wandered a bit and I lost his train of thought--does the "secret" he was referring to have anything to do with the secrets that were given by our Lady of Fatima to the young children to whom she appeared? Sign me, Confused!
Dear Saint Confused: No, the Messianic secret referred to in connection with St. Mark's Gospel, has nothing to do with the "secrets" revealed by Our Lady of Fatima. Each of the Gospel writers, and their communities, had a certain and distinct "Christology", that is, a specific way, through symbols, images, particular events and language, of understanding who Jesus Christ was. So Mark, at the beginning of his Gospel, lays out his specific Christology: Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, He is the 'Good News.'" Then, as his Gospel goes on, he intends to unfold an explanation of that Christology. And sometimes, during his Gospel, demons will proclaim him as "Son of God" or others will claim Him as "Messiah" and "Savior" but, mysteriously, Jesus tries to silence them--"Don't tell anyone!" The "secret" piece comes from Mark's theology that the revelation of Jesus' true identity comes only and directly from God to us--that knowledge of Jesus as Lord and Savior is strictly a divine gift, unmerited and unearned. Secondly, the true identity of Jesus comes to us, not primarily through miracles or "signs and wonders", but only through following him to the cross on Calvary. So the "secret" part is that full knowledge, or at least as much as we humans can grasp, means embracing the fullness of his birth, life, death and resurrection--not just any one piece of his life. Finally, in Mark's Gospel, the very first person to correctly address Jesus as Son of God, is the Roman centurion, who, at the moment of Jesus' death, pronounces: "Truly, this man was the Son of God." For a fuller explanation, and likely a more profound one, check out John R. Donahue, S.J., Mark, Harper and Row, p. 985. Father Ryan
Hello Father Ryan, some friends and I were wondering how many weddings you do? Over this past year especially, we have been at three or four local weddings you had. Sarah
Dear Sarah: On the average, I witness between 30 to 45 weddings a year. I have had the grace of being a minister in large parishes, a huge high school, and now at The Hopkins, and I am blessed my being invited to minister to many young couples at their weddings. Sometimes, times and distances prevent me from being able to do so, but it is all a part of priesting I thoroughly enjoy! Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan, I am going to be confirmed soon and I wonder if I can take 2 saints' names instead of just one. Laura
Dear Laura, yes, of course you can take two saints' names if you choose. Our previous Holy Father took two Papal names, after all! Also, these days it is permissible to take a name or names that are not specifically recognized as saints' names. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan, Sometimes, when we don't have music at the 5:30 Mass on Sunday, you put on your gear for Mass while you are standing up front. What is the white thing you put on first, and what is the green clothing you put on last? Mark, who used to be a friend of Joe.
Dear Saint Mark: I can't imagine why you "used to be" a friend of Saint Joseph, but that is not a matter for this page. More to the point is your question about what we call vestments for Mass, as opposed to your more casual, perhaps, way of referring our "gear". The first vestment I put on for Mass is called an alb--from the Latin word "alba", meaning white. I think the alb originated as a vestment when the priest, who was often also a working member of the community, gathered with the community for Mass and needed something reverent and fitting to cover his work clothes. The next piece worn is a cloth-like, long vestment around the shoulders and down either side, called the stole. Sometimes worn inside the vestments, between the alb and chasuable, sometimes outside, over the chasuable, the stole is a symbol of the priestly or ministerial commission or authority given the priest, by the bishop and community, for the privilege of celebrating Mass. The last vesting piece is the chasuable, again from the latin "casula", meaning little house or tent. The chasuable can be large and expansive, highly decorated and visually elegant, or, simple and unadorned. The color of the chasuable at any given Mass reflects the color of a particular liturgical season or a special feast. In Advent and Lent, we wear purple. Christmas and Easter, white or gold. Green is worn during what we call ordinary time, when no major feasts are being celebrated. Red is worn, of course for feasts celebrating the Holy Spirit, (Pentecost, for example) and for feasts of martyrs. Father Ryan
Hi Father Ryan: This isn't so much a profound theological or church question, just more of curiosity: is there now a cat living in the Newman Center? Do you also have a dog, because I remember seeing a picture of a lab, I think it was, in your room. Thanks, Mark.
Dear Mark: Yes, a young cat named Daisy is in residence, most of the time, at the Newman Center. She appeared to be a stray who followed me home one day, and, well, just stayed. I was particularly concerned about her because her claws had been removed, so her ability to defend herself was at risk. After a visit, check-up and shots at the vet, she was declared sound and healthy and ready for adoption. One of our students volunteered to care for her at the Newman House. She is a sweet, gentle, curious feline and pretty much stays out of the way, except, apparently, during Bible Study, when she enjoys stretching out on the dining room table for a little attention. When no one is around for any period of time in the Newman Center, I take her with me. The dog you mentioned, Sparky, was indeed my canine companion for 13 years. He was a chocolate lab and died a few years back after eating some Haagen-Dazs vanilla ice cream. (I'm only kidding--the 'ol Sparkster was sick with a nasty tumor that couldn't be removed. The only food he became interested in having was the ice cream, and he enjoyed a nice dish of it the night he died. I still miss him.) Father Ryan
Hello Father Ryan, I am so glad you are so patient with Joe. He's a friend of mine, too, and when we are out together with all our friends, he does something cool--he like says grace and invites us to join him, even if it's over a beer. He says that isn't sacrilegious because you told him as long as it's a sincere request for God's blessing through gratitude, it's ok. I think he would be a good priest, but he thinks he's too silly. Anyway, back home in my diocese, there was a priest who was installed as a coadjutor bishop. What does that mean, Father? Mary
Dear Mary: A Coadjutor Bishop is a priest who is appointed as an assistant Bishop to the main Bishop (or Ordinary, or Cardinal or Archbishop). His basic ministry is to assist the main Bishop (and diocese) in the sacramental and administrative affairs of the diocese or archdiocese. A Coadjutor Bishop is also given what is called the "right of succession", meaning that when the main Bishop dies or retires, he, as Coadjutor, takes over as the main Bishop for the diocese or archdiocese. And, yes, Joseph, is a might silly, but if I could pick a son as my own, he would be in the running. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan, I notice that in most books published as "Catholic" texts, there is something called an imprimatur printed near or at the beginning of the book. Does that come from the publisher or from the Catholic Church and what, exactly, is it? Christina
Dear Christina, The actual word "imprimatur" originates from a Latin word meaning, "let it be printed." An imprimatur is a permission-for-publication given by a bishop or his representative on certain scriptural or religious books--claiming to be Catholic. An imprimatur is required, for example, on all Catholic versions of sacred Scripture and liturgical texts, as well as texts that will be used as Catholic study textbooks, (dealing with revelation, dogma, infallible teachings, for example, as well as books to be used for Catholic prayer). Otherwise, an imprimatur is not mandated for every religious or spiritual book or text and the absence on one doesn't necessarily mean, of course, that there is heresy within the publication. Father Ryan
Hi Padre, It's me again, Joe. Can I ask you a personal question? Signed, Joe
Dear Joe: No.
Hi Padre: Just this once? I'll never, never ask a personal question of you again--honest--just this once. Joe
OK, Joseph, just this once. Father Ryan
So, here goes: How come when I see you, especially in the evenings, sometimes you are with a lot of students, other times just a few or one, maybe. But you are never eating like the others are. Are you like monastic, or something, and don't eat or do you fast all the time, so just what gives with the food thingy? Your friend, Joe.
Dearest Saint Joseph: Ah, yes, the food thingy, as you say. It's pretty simple really, Joseph. I am just one of those persons whose metabolism is such that one meal a day is good and adequate for sustaining decent health. And, I prefer to eat mostly a high protein diet and to do so at the very end of the day, when all activity, (not just work), is done. I eat a simple meal, read something that will relax me, and fall into the arms of Morpheus rather quickly for a 4 or 5 hour rest. It just works for me and has done so for many years. And, I always hope no one notices and makes a public point of it, which, of course, you have just done in your fascinating and timely manner. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: There is a student who lives in my dorm and through some initial conversations, she seems interested, in fact very interested, in becoming a Catholic. And, another student in one of my labs was baptized a Catholic, but never received the Sacraments of Communion or Confirmation. What is the best direction I can give them? Megan
Dear Megan: In both instances, please, of course, give them my name and phone/email address (Father Tom Ryan, 410-243-7066/tttrion@aol.com). My little protocol with students interested in pursuing and embracing the Catholic faith, or receiving Sacraments following their Baptisms, follows the basic process of what we now call the RCIA. The Rite of Christian Initiation for Adults is actually a revised process of an ancient path followed by those who felt called by God to make an Act of Faith in the teachings and practices of the Catholic Church, and to accept and make a commitment to Jesus Christ as His disciple. The process is simple enough and involves prayer, study, discussion, all in the context of discernment. Initially, I sit down with each student individually, and we go over the various pieces of the program. I tailor the program according to each students' needs. Sometimes we meet in groups, sometimes time permits only one-on-one sessions.As of this writing, September 15, 2008, we have four students interested in being baptized into the Catholic faith, and four more who, already baptized, will later on receive Eucharist and Confirmation. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: You might be tired of this question, but, can I still go to confession before Mass, and if I come too late for that, can I still go to Communion? Thanks for understanding. Marie
Dear Marie: For our Sunday Masses, I am usually present at least a full hour before each liturgy. And, you can also make an appointment with me at some perhaps more convenient time to receive the Sacrament of Reconciliation. My email and phone number are on the Contact Page. The relation of the Sacrament of Reconciliation and the Sacrament of the Eucharist is this: if a person decides they are indeed in a state of serious sin, they must confess prior to receiving the Eucharist worthily. So, technically, the Sacrament of Reconciliation is required only when serious, or mortal, sin is present, because such sin so severely severs our relationship with God and His church. For other, less serious, or what we used to call venial sins, confession is not required, though it is recommended on a timely basis, often within the context of spiritual direction, (though that itself is not required). When approaching the liturgy of the Eucharist, often a perfect act of contrition, "My God, I am sorry for my sins out of love for You," is sufficient to worthily receive Communion with venial or less serious sins.
Hi Father Ryan, Is there a good website to find Pope Benedict's recent homilies and talks given recently during his visit to Washington and New York? Thanks also for helping us at Mass and in our small group discussion on the psalms. Brian
Dear Brian: You are welcome and one website I would recommend is http://www.uspapalvisit.org. See you at Mass. Father Ryan
Hello Padre: It was great to see you on Ash Wednesday it's me, Joe, and I am just back from my semester abroad. Incidentally, I think it was France where I saw a priest who looked just like you and he even preached just like you well, in a way, because it was all in French and I understood about 3 whole words, but he was still a ringer for you. Anyway, could you give me a quick review of fasting and abstinence? Your friend, Joe
Dear St. Joseph: Your precious hiatus in a foreign land has apparently caused a lapse in both nominal protocol and memory, as in the "padre" thingy, which, as you know, only causes me great grief, bad memories and a tendency to hurl invectives toward those who address me as such. But, I digress. Fasting: limiting myself to one full meal per day, and allowing that any other meals do not add up to the quantity of that one full meal. Abstinence is totally refraining from eating meat. OK? Incidentally, you didn't say whether that look-alike-priest in France was a good preacher or not? Father Ryan
Hello ex-Padre Father Ryan: Come to think of it, no, I didn't mention whether he was a good preacher or not. . .lol. . . . St. Joseph
Hello Father Ryan: Someone told me that you do marriage preparation courses. Is that the case and how is this arranged with you? Beth
Dear Beth: Yes, sometimes I help with marriage [reparation classes and/or presentations. A lot of our students from our multiple campuses are from another state, and in a number of situations, from another country. Among those planning marriage are a good number who find it next to impossible to do the required marriage preparation classes within their home diocese, and sometimes, find it just as impossible to take the classes together, as a couple, no matter the place. That's where I come in. In conjunction with their home diocese, the priest or deacon witnessing their marriage, and whatever additional requirements may need to be fulfilled prior to the actual marriage, and with permission, I have a marriage preparation seminar for either that individual, or, more ideally of course, the couple. As I write this, I meet with about 11 couples or individuals each week, on the average. Contact me if I can help you. My schedule doesn't often permit me, however, to do what I truly enjoy, which is the presentation by a priest or deacon, as part of the Pre-Cana Program. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: Hello! I see you on campus all the time and then when I am over at the School of Public Health, there you are too. Anyway, here's my question there is no mention of limbo in the new Catechism of the Catholic Church. When did limbo disappear? Ryan
Hi Ryan, (you gotta love that name!). Yes, I see you sometimes and I guess we are both hurried, you, to a class, me, to my next student meeting. Well, back to limbo. Originally, limbo, from the Latin for "fringe" or "border" implied a state of natural, I would say "human" happiness, given to those who die or have died, without the Sacrament of Baptism. The history of limbo is a bit long for our purposes here, but, to the best of my recollection, limbo was never officially, categorically or infallibly defined as a certain Church doctrine or article of faith. Limbo was more of a reasonable answer to what might possibly happen to those who die without the privilege of Baptism, and how a good and merciful God might handle that situation, since Baptism, in some form, is a requirement for salvation and, therefore, heaven. I believe the new Catechism omits reference to limbo, in favor of allowing the issue of dying without Baptism, to rest in God's hands for a merciful, saving solution. Father Ryan
Dear Father Tom: You know I always thought that Ryan was your first name and that you either didn't have a last name or it was like some religious order people who give up their real name or is it their family name in favor of a single saint's name except that there was no Saint Ryan or at least you or someone else named Ryan could be the first but wouldn't that mean you would have to die first and then there would have to be some miracles or something like that so they could canonize you and call you Saint Ryan and then babies could be baptized Ryan like Saint Ryan but then I found out that your first name wasn't Ryan at all but Tom or I guess I should say Thomas. Brandon
Dear, Dear Brandon: Is there a question here? Father Ryan
Dear Father Tom Ryan (again): Opps, yes, actually there is. I just kinda got sidewacked or sidetracked or whatever. Can two females be godparents instead of one man and one woman and, second question, can my 12 year old brother be a godfather if he is asked, though I don't think he will be? Brandon
Dear Brandon: I am tempted to pray a lot for your little brother. Anyway, according to Canon 873 in Church Law, for the baptism of a child or adult, the norm is one male and one female sponsor, or, just one of each. Allowance is not made for two men or two women. So, since only one godparent is actually required, there is some flexibility, in that a baptized Catholic or baptized non-Catholic may stand in place of a second sponsor, not, however as an official sponsor, but as a "Christian Witness" to the Baptism. As I see it, even your younger brother could stand, not as an official sponsor, but as a witness, since Canon 874 does specify that, among other requirements, a sponsor be at least 16 years of age. I hope this helps a little. And please, please keep your questions coming. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: It was good to see you on the Bayview campus it's hard to keep up with you. I watched some of the ceremony of the installation of Archbishop O'Brien and I have a hundred questions. Where should I start? Amber
Dear Amber: . . . with the easy ones. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: OK! What is his pectoral cross? Amber
Dear Amber: Good choice. Pectoral comes from the Latin word "pectus," meaning chest or breast, so the "pectoral cross" refers to the cross suspended by a cord or chain around the neck and worn by the bishop, in our case, the Archbishop, as a symbol of his office. You may also sometimes hear or read that a priest was made a bishop or perhaps an archbishop or cardinal, and instead of some official ceremony of public acknowledgement, it was done "in pectore," or, in secret or "close to the heart" because public acknowledgement might be seriously risky to the new bishop, for reasons political or military, and/or because the practice of Catholicism in certain areas is suppressed or forbidden by the government; hence, there is likely an "underground" church. So, the bishop is known to be a bishop only to the Holy Father. Incidentally, I believe Archbishop O'Brien's pectoral cross was originally worn by one of our earlier Archbishops. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: Is there any relation between a Bishop's miter and the miter box used by carpenters? Amber
Dear Amber: "Mitra " is a Greek word that means headband or turban and apparently lends itself to the foldable, twin-peaked hat (that is mitered or beveled together?), worn by bishops, abbots and other prelates at liturgical services and other ceremonial occasions. The bishop's miter is usually covered in white linen or silk and he always wears it when carrying his pastoral staff (or crosier), (next question?), but the miter is not worn during the Eucharistic prayer or when solemn prayer is celebrated. Father Ryan
Hello Father Ryan: Can you handle just one more or am I getting on your holy nerves? Amber
Dear Amber: 1. Yes 2. Only a little. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: So, ok, here it goes is there a difference between a processional cross and a crosier? Amber
Dear Amber: The processional cross is carried, usually the first in the liturgical line, in most formal ceremonies, liturgies, and other related celebrations. It can be carried by a server from the parish, a seminarian, or anyone selected to perform that function. The crosier, on the other hand, is used only during formal ceremonies with a Bishop, Archbishop or Cardinal. The Latin word "crociarius ", meaning "bearer of the cross ", is essentially a familiar symbol of the Bishop's staff or walking stick and symbolizes the bishop's role (or Archbishop or Cardinal) as "good shepherd" of a given diocese. The crosier can be made of wood or metal, and in some countries and cultures, is highly and colorfully decorated. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: Can you handle just one more from me? Please? Amber
Dear Amber: Yes, but be kind. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: OK, here goes for what is probably the last time. I still don't know the difference between a Diocese (like my own in Wilmington, Delaware), and ours here in Baltimore, an Archdiocese. Amber
Dear Amber: So, ok, for my probably last answer. A diocese names a community of believers or a particular church presided over by a Bishop. In the United States, a diocese usually consists of a geographical area, but sometimes it is constituted by people of the same liturgical rite (e.g. Eastern Orthodox) or language. An archdiocese derives from a Greek word archi meaning chief, and diokcsis, meaning province. So the term "archdiocese " refers to a major diocese, usually a metropolitan see, under the leadership of an archbishop who is typically responsible for a larger, ecclesiastical province with suffragan or associated dioceses. In the case of the Archdiocese of Baltimore, our suffragan dioceses (or sees) are Richmond, Wilmington, Wheeling-Charleston and Arlington. I know that may be a little confusing, but I think "archdiocese" is best remembered as one of the more major, (larger and/or more historically rooted) dioceses. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: In August, my sister asked me to be a baptismal sponsor for her new baby and we got to talking about baptismal names and how some names children are now given are not, in fact, saints' names. Isn't there a rule about baptismal names? Mary
Dear Mary: There is indeed a long, many centuries old tradition of naming children after some of the great saints in our lineage. It remains a nice way of honoring virtuous and heroic men and women from our religious past and giving a child a "patron saint" as it were. In the older code of Canon Law it was, as I remember, required that a newly baptized child receive such a saint's name or that of one of the virtues, (such as Faith or Prudence). In the new code, there is much more flexibility in choosing a baptismal names, providing of course, "that such a name is not incompatible with Christian beliefs." Father Ryan
Hi Father, I am, or will be new to Johns Hopkins this September. When is Mass? Jason
Dear Jason: Our first Mass for the semester will be Saturday, September 1st, 2007 at 6 p.m. in the Chapel of the Interfaith Center at the corner of N. Charles and University Parkway. This is a special liturgy for our new freshmen and their families, but all are welcome. Starting Sunday, September 9th, we have Mass each Sunday at both 11 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. It will be nice to meet you there! Father Ryan
Hi Father Ryan: Is it true that you get asked to preach in other churches, and specifically in some Protestant churches, from time to time? And, 2ndly, we can get pretty silly sometimes and does that still get on your nerves? TJ
Dear TJ: 1. Yes, and I am honored to do so. 2. "Silly" is a kind word, and, lovingly, yes you do. Father Ryan
Hey Father Ryan: I'm just wondering why 666 is said to be "the devil's number "? Patricia
Hi Patricia: For (literally) centuries, as I understand it, there has been much debate, argument, interpretation, sometimes very adamant and aggressive reasoning about this number 666 as it is referenced in the last book of the Bible, the Book of Revelation, (once known, of course, as the Book of the Apocalypse). In and around chapters 13 through 18, highly imaginative reference is made to the "end time" (end of the world) and a cosmic battle between the forces of good, (God), and evil, (Satan). Satan is also the Antichrist of Revelation, and the ultimate victor in this battle is God. But specific mention is made in these chapters on how to identify followers of Satan, as they will display the number 666, as I remember, either on their foreheads or on their right hands. So, through time, legend, repetition and imagination, the number is often associated with things evil or the person of the devil. As a theologian, I caution on reading Revelation on too literal a level and encourage readers to focus on how the power of God-in-Christ, in turn, empowers us with courage, fearlessness, and bravery, especially in dark and troubled times (worldwide or personal), in times of persecution, and in those times when we feel abandoned or hopelessly lonely. I think the Book of Revelation is much about the victory or Christ's Resurrection Power over every conceivable obstacle to faith and hope and love. Thanks for asking, Patricia. Father Ryan
Hello Father Ryan: My girlfriend gets mad at me when we are at Mass together because I tend to fall asleep almost the minute I sit down. It doesn't seem to matter whether it's warm or cold inside, I just zone out and then I am gone. It's not that you are boring, of course, Father, but she says that if I sleep through a certain percentage of the Mass it's as good as missing it altogether and I have to go again by myself. Again, Father, I am not implying that you are boring it's like: it's not you, it's me. Any advice? Mike
Dear Michael: Gee, I am very glad you mentioned, twice in fact, that it's not my fault that you doze off. But, the fact that you come to Mass faithfully with and (sometimes) without your girlfriend and make a good attempt to stay alert, tells me your heart is in the right place, even if your head is sometimes in the arms of Morpheus. No, I wouldn't consider it "missing Mass" if through no fault of your own, you doze off, even frequently. Some students drink coffee just before Mass, others sit near the back so they can quietly stand near the wall if the nodding off becomes chronic, and others just struggle with the problem, trying their best. You and your girlfriend are very faithful to your commitment to Mass and I know you both work hard at your studies with little or no "down time." So, keep trying "motive" always counts most. Father Ryan
Hi Father Ryan: When I was home on spring break, my parish priest told me that Cardinal Keeler was retired and a new Bishop was coming to Baltimore. So far though, you haven't said anything about a new Bishop and when we have Mass, you still say Cardinal Keeler's name, his first name I think, during the Eucharistic Prayer. Can you clarify? SS
Dear SS: Your parish priest may be somewhat ahead of what's really happening. Baltimore's Cardinal William Keeler turned 75 last year, and, as is required by our Holy Father, wrote a letter of resignation to Pope Benedict. (All bishops worldwide reaching the age of 75 years, must submit this letter.) As has been the custom with most modern popes, however, the actual effect of the resignation is strictly up to the Holy Father and sometimes, several years may elapse until the Bishop/Cardinal actually retires and a replacement is announced by the Pope. With our own Cardinal Keeler, it may well be that over the next several months, his resignation may become effective and following that, probably even more months later, a replacement will be announced by the Pope. Until that time, his first name, William, continues to be inserted into the Eucharistic Prayer as you indicated. Cardinal Keeler has served the Archdiocese of Baltimore in a most gracious and supportive way he is, I personally believe, a great spiritual minister and I will be among many, many people who will miss his presence. Father Ryan (written on Sunday, April 15, 2007)
Dear Father Ryan: I have been asked to be my cousin's sponsor for Confirmation and I remember reading (somewhere) that at one time, Confirmation wasn't a sacrament at all, and so, how did it come to be one? They don't just make them up, do they? (I don't mean to make that sound smarty alec). Your friend, Kyle
Dear Kyle: It just isn't in you to be a "smarty alec" and besides, I happen to know both your parents and would report you in a heartbeat. Now, having said, or written, that, and by way of answer: the Sacraments developed over time, both in theology and form, and for that matter, in practice as well. In our earliest times, Baptism, Eucharist and Confirmation were celebrated together with converts, and even today, the same general practice is still applied to adult converts. However, in the evolutionary process of the Sacrament of Confirmation, only bishops can administer the final anointing of Confirmation literally, a "confirmation" that the person has been baptized, And, as the practice of infant baptism grew and contact with the Bishop became more limited, the Confirmation of youngest children came to be postponed to a later stage in their lives. So, Mr. Kyle, I will see you soon in Church. Father Ryan
Hi Father Ryan: So, what's the deal with fasting and abstinence for Ash Wednesday? Ryan
Dear Beloved Ryan: Well, let's see, how do I put this. . . .? Hmmm, the deal? Well, Ryan, the deal is this: Ash Wednesday is a day of universal fast (only 1 full meal) and total abstinence from meat. You know well by now that the real deal is about sacrifice and a sincere willingness to re-form my life with God's help, in those areas where I fail most as His disciple. I will have more to say about that later. Father Ryan
Hi Father Ryan: Is the Assumption of Mary in the Bible somewhere? If not, how did it come to be part of the Catholic belief? Katrina
Dear Katrina: On November 1, 1950, Pope Pius XII declared, as the only infallible proclamation in modern times (at least so far), the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The declaration is, of course, lengthy and heavily theological, but essentially states that Mary was assumed, body and soul, "into heavenly glory." The declaration seems to leave open any official pronouncement as to whether Mary died a physical death or not, though most theologians hold that Mary did, as did her Son, die a physical death, and after some period of "dormition " or resting in death, was taken into heaven by the power of God. There is no precise statement of Mary's Assumption in Sacred Scripture. However, the Fathers of the Church wrote (and preached) lengthy pieces about the appropriateness of her assumption, and seemed to mirror a firmly held belief in her bodily assumption by early post-Pentecost communities. In sum, the weight of "evidence" in a sense, comes more from the oral, then written tradition of our early (and later) faith-ancestors. Remember too, that all of our sacramental, dogmatic, liturgical and moral "systems " are rooted, in either Sacred Scripture and/or the Tradition (oral and written) of our Church. In the case of the Assumption, Sacred Scripture, citing Mary as the "New Eve ", among other references, was heavily used as a supportive, integrating and clarifying instrument for the Tradition. The dogmas of the Immaculate Conception and Mary's Virgin Birth are similarly sourced as expressions more of Tradition, with supportive and unifying images and references within Scripture. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: I have been reading about the Basilica of the Assumption and how it has been closed for repairs and restoration for the last 2 years or so. What's a good source for finding out when it will reopen? I am interested in and, in fact, fascinated by American church architecture. Brad
Dear Brad: In terms of our own Basilica, probably the best source for the various re-opening ceremonies is http://www.archbalt.org. This, more than incidentally, is a special project of our own Cardinal Keeler and, in a sense, represents not so much a statement of his accomplishments as a Bishop and spiritual leader, but more his profound respect for our spiritual history, especially as Baltimore was (is) the first diocese in the United States. Also, follow the Sun newspaper for more coverage. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: In one of our Bible study sessions, we got into a pretty heated discussion on whether or not there are actual historical books (beside the Gospels) that mention the existence of Jesus. Can you help? D.
Dear D: As far as I know, outside the circle of early Christians, the first mention of Jesus in a purely historical text was by Flavius Josephus, a Jewish historian. His writings, especially The Antiquities of the Jews, completed around the year 94, were treasured sources of information about the early Christians. And Tacitus, a Roman historian, in 110 A.D. wrote about "Christians, whose founder, one Christus, was put to death by the procurator Pontius Pilate when Tiberius was emperor" (AnnalaXV44). Information on historians and Jesus can be found online by Googling their names with that of Jesus. Remember that Jesus was the leader of a comparatively small offshoot of Jews, at least from any viewpoint other than faith. So, there is really no list of historical writings about the early Christians and the historical Jesus. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: What, exactly, is the rapture? Every so often I hear someone, especially on TV, talk about it and I can't connect? Kevin
Dear Kevin: Taken from a reference in 1st Thessalonians 4:17, "rapture" is the final, glorious union with Jesus Christ by all of the "saved" at the time of the parousia, or end of time. The more general understanding is this: there will be a second coming of Jesus Christ in all glory, which will indeed mark the end of time as we humanly understand it. And then, the Lord will gather all the redeemed, from all times and places, from among all peoples, and, together with all material creation, lift them all up to the Father forever. How's that, Kevin? Father Ryan
Hi Father Ryan: How long does it take you to prep your talks each week? Mike.
Hi again Father Ryan: How long does it take you to prep your sermons each week? Mike. (again).
Hi still again Father Ryan: So, this is my final shot how long does it take you to prepare your weekly homilies? Mike.
Dear Blessed Michael: I knew you would get it right eventually. A talk is a non-liturgical presentation; a sermon is an inspiring presentation on some specific virtue (as in your case, perseverance), commandment or other edifying gift or grace of God; and a homily, finally, is a reflection on one, two or all of the liturgical readings of a given Sunday or weekday. Now, having said that, the answer to your question is, anywhere from roughly 8 to 12 hours most weeks. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: It's okay if you print this in your website column because others may have the same or similar questions. I have heard that you counsel people who are having problems with drugs and/or alcohol and that you have special meetings for them throughout a given week, especially in the evenings. Could you verify that, at least in general because I know that anonymity is extremely important in these matters? Just using my initial, and thanks, M.
Dear M: Yes, anyone who is concerned about his/her use of drugs/alcohol is welcome to sit down with me, so, yes, I have counseled people and continue to do so, again, and as you indicate, with full anonymity. There are a number of resources available to any student on campus, and our counseling center is an excellent one as well. Regarding special meetings, I have to be careful here because I meet with students throughout the week for a host of reasons, not all related to drugs and alcohol. My general intention is typically to get someone, who appears to have a problem with substance abuse, started in a program like Alcoholics Anonymous, and encourage their attendance, regularly, at meetings conducted throughout this area by AA. So, M., you or anyone you know is welcome to call for me for support. Father Ryan (410-243-7066)
Hi Father Ryan: Couple of us were talking and we were wondering if, like, you live in monastery or something and you have to fast a lot and who cooks for you or is it like Sodexho (and we sure hope not)? Let us know or come up to our, and possibly your, favorite fraternity. But, don't come up during pledging. John and Company
Dear John and Company: Please try to stifle any fear or anxiety that, before, during or after pledging, I will appear on your doorstep. I feel safer and more secure meeting you guys in church. And, no, I do not live in a monastery. I have a small in-law apartment (within a home, separate living quarters) in an area called Dulaney Valley, which is modest and quiet and currently serves my frugal needs quite well. I have some living quarters within the Newman Center which I do use part-time. I had intended to move full-time into the Newman Center, but I was reminded that in that event, I could not offer residency to any others and I think it's better to provide that residency to at least 2 others at a reasonable cost. I declined a contract with Sodexho to provide my food and do it all myself laundry too. One day a week and when I can find time off, I care for a retired priest as well. OK, so just when next might I next see you fellows in church? Father Ryan
Hello Father Ryan it's Megan: I have 2 random questions about Guardian Angels. Where are our angels when we go "astray" and what about "evil doers" do they have a Guardian Angel too? And my roommate has a question for you also. We know you are from Pittsburgh and wonder if you were ever stationed in McKees Rocks? Thanks!
Dear Megan: First, it was good to see you so recently. Second, as you know, on October 2nd, we celebrate the feast of our Guardian Angels, a fairly old, traditional belief that God, in His providence, places a special messenger, or protector near us, mainly as yet another testimony to His care and love for us. The exact role of such angels has never been defined, and likely never will be. So, when we go astray, as you say, I believe our Guardian Angel, in deference to the power of our will, steps aside and of course permits us to choose that which we may be sinful and selfish, as does God Himself. And, although tradition is a little less clear on this point, it basically holds that all people receive the gift of an angel, who the sinner, abandons, and not the other way around. Finally, I was never assigned to McKees Rocks and my priesthood has been spent within the Archdiocese of Baltimore. See you soon? Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: I understand that a number of students have scheduled times with you for a variety of reasons like confession and counseling. How can I do that? My only free time is often just lunch, so, is that a possibility? B.
Dear B: Yes, lunch time is a sure possibility. Call me at 410-243-7066. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: I was wondering what purgatory is? Well, I guess I should re-ask that in that I know what purgatory is, but my question is why is it part of Catholic belief if it is nowhere to be found in the Bible? Thanks, John
Dear John: Some of the beliefs in the doctrines of the Catholic Church are rooted both in Sacred Scripture and in the traditions handed down orally (especially in the early centuries). Purgatory is, in my opinion, a belief having its origins more in early tradition rather than in scripture. In the Catechism of the Catholic Church, (#1054), purgatory is explained more as a process than a place, a kind of purification following death for those who are saved, so that they may realize the holiness and integrity to enter heaven. There are "hints" of purgatory in scripture, such as Revelation 6:9-11, and 1 Peter 3: 18-19. Purgatory also received important attention in the teachings of the early fathers, and was given definition by the Council of Florence in 1439. My personal way of thinking about purgatory, John, is that following my death, I will need to continue a process of seeing Jesus "more clearly, loving him more dearly, and following him more nearly." The only pain or suffering attached to the purgatory process is the pain of not-quite-yet-being-in-Christ. But the hope, the promise, of finally being with Christ would out weigh the process of waiting. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: I am a graduate student here at Hopkins and was an undergraduate for four years also here on campus. And although I come to Sunday Mass at the IFC most of the time, sometimes I need to go elsewhere, depending on my schedule. But, I have noticed quite an increase in the number of people, (not just students), who come to our Masses and am just curious who these people might be. Any clues? Tom
Dear Tom: I guess a lot of us have noticed new faces at Mass as the most recent years have passed. As you indicate, most are from our undergraduate community, and some are graduate school alumni. Still others come from the surrounding community and a small number are employees of the Hopkins who have found us. One husband and wife couple told me recently that they feel both welcomed and relaxed within our little community, and being with so many students makes them feel "young." Hmmm, I don't quite know why the "young" part isn't quite working for me, but I think the mixed makeup of our community is a singular strength. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan, I was wondering if there is a possibility we could have Sanctus bells for Mass? The mystery they add is one of my favorite aspects of Mass back home. What do you think? Jared S.
Dear Jared: Although some people believe bells rung during the Consecration of the Mass have been banned, that is not the case. In the General Instruction, a document that details all of the pertinent information about the celebration of Mass, there is, in fact, mention of bells rung at both consecrations (bread and wine), as well as early in the Eucharistic Prayer, during the extension of the priest's hands over the bread and wine prior to their consecration. The Instruction seems to indicate that bells may, indeed, be runs at those times, depending on local customs in a given diocese and/or parish. For us, it has apparently been many years since the bells were used, since I can't find a set that may have been stashed away in our sacristy. For the time being, I prefer to maintain the current custom but promise to re-think it nearer the rededication of our Newman Center. Father Ryan
Hi Father Ryan: I have been doing Lent for many years, but I still forget the regulations about fast and abstinence. Any help? Alexander
Dear Alexander: I think it's easy to get confused about Lenten observances. First, Lent is a 44 day liturgical season, as you know, that begins on Ash Wednesday this year, March 1st, and ends with the Mass of the Lord's Supper on Holy Thursday, April 13th. And essentially, it is a season for spiritual renewal and preparation for the celebration of Easter, the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. The rules for fast and abstinence are: all persons at and over the age of 14 years are bound by the law of abstinence (no meat), up to their 60th year. Abstinence from all meat and mean products covers Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, and all the Fridays of Lent. "Fast " means that I limit my general intake of food to a single, full meal, and though I can eat other foods, these do not add up to yet another full mean on a given day. Again, Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are Lenten days of fast. I hope this helps, Alexander. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: Now that the second semester in underway, I have heard that a group of students from the Catholic Community will be doing something special for the victims of Hurricane Katrina, but I don't know any details. Help? Matt
Dear Matt: During our spring break this year, 15 students, not just from our community, but campus-wide, will be invited to participate in what we are calling an "Alternative Spring Break " trip to Moss Point, Mississippi. They will camp out in a church basement and will participate in 5 full days of hands-on relief and rebuilding work. These students will in fact be representing a wide range of faith traditions on our campus, yet, "they will be working with one heart to bring a sense of light to a place that has endured great darkness" (Sharon Kugler). Each Campus Minister was asked during this past December to make a financial contribution on behalf of their respective community, and the Catholic Community pledged $1,000.00 from our (modest) reserves. The students who volunteer for the trip will pay only a small amount to help with personal expenses. If you are interested, or simply want more information, check out the Campus Ministry website (see links to JHU Chaplain). Father Ryan
Hi Father Ryan: It's nice to be back with you. This semester, I have bigger, open blocks of time in my study and class schedule, even during the day. I'm wondering if there are some service activities, not too far away, that I might join up with for the semester? See you soon at Mass. Megan (PS: is it true you have a cat named Isabelle?)
Dear Megan: Take a look at our Service list. There are a few activities you may be interested in, especially Beans and Bread: they have some specific, daytime needs that might fit your schedule. But look through the others, too. I know that St. Ignatius School, down from us on Calvert Street, is looking for mentors for some of their students, but I don't have information and contacts, just yet. Father Ryan (PPS to your PS: First, his or her name is Elliott my choice. Second, I don't really know if it is a male or female as my feline, anatomical prowess is outside my theological sphere. Third, as they are in the habit of doing, this damn cat has me, not the other way around. I am sincerely hoping Elliott is paying me but a brief, self-indulgent visit.
Dear Father Tom: I have a question regarding standing and kneeling at Mass. At the Interfaith Center when we have Mass, we kneel during the Consecration. But, at my home parish, everyone stands. And, I have noticed, when I have gone to Mass other places, it's about 60/40 (kneeling/standing). So, I am a dazed and confused junior at Hopkins. D&A Dan
Dear D&A Dan: According to the General Instruction on the Roman Rite, latest edition, kneeling is the preferred posture during the Eucharistic Prayer, which, as you mention, includes the Consecration. This beautiful, sometimes lengthy prayer, begins after the Holy, Holy, Holy, and concludes as we sing the Great Amen. However, it has become customary in some dioceses, and includes permission from the Ordinary (the Bishop), to stand during the Eucharistic Prayer, which is also a sign of reverence. Remember, we stand for the Gospel, for example. So, either posture is acceptable, depending on local (parish) custom. An interesting piece, however, about our own Interfaith Center, and one that escaped my attention for some time, is that there are no kneelers attached to the pews. So, technically, standing would seem to be the obvious, reverential posture during the Eucharistic Prayer. My guess, however, is that we have been kneeling all along, these many years, first, because that's the way it was in our home parish; second, because we are young, athletic and agile (aw, kneelers, schmeelers) and third, it's now our own custom. If, however, someone chose to stand, (like old, decrepit me), that too, would be most acceptable. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: In our Bible Study recently, the topic of purgatory came up. Can you direct us to some resources? Chris R.
Dear Chris: You should check our links for several good resources on Catholic teaching, which may provide more information, history and background than I may in this space. Purgatory, as a Catholic belief, goes far back into our history. Pope St. Gregory the Great, 590-604 CE, gave more substance to purgatory, even though belief in it pre-dated even him. Purgatory is the belief that after death, some believers' sins (not mortal or serious ones), warrant a period of "purification" before the soul can justly be fully with God. The church has never clearly defined just what that purification is, stating at times that purgatory is the "painful" separation from God for a time specified only by God Himself. In the Middle Ages, purgatory took on colorful, almost dramatically morbid overtones. Check our listing for the New Catechism of the Catholic Church for more detailed information. You will notice that purgatory is not, for example, an infallible doctrine of the Church, but a widely held, ancient tenet of believers, about which we have little to no specific information. Father Ryan
Hi Father Tom: I was visiting a friend in New England recently and she referred to one of the priests in her parish as a "curate." Help? Lisa
Dear Lisa: At one time in the history of the American Catholic church, any assistant priest, other than the Pastor of course, was called a curate. More likely today in most areas, he is the parochial vicar (as in my hometown diocese of Pittsburgh) or associate pastor (as in the Archdiocese of Baltimore). Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: I was talking with my mother yesterday and she reminded me that there is something called "Priest Sunday" every fall. What is this about? Karen
Dear Karen: I think it was the Serra Club, a group of men and women, who, among other things, originated a kind of "Thank you, Father ", Sunday each year, encouraging us to offer our thanks to the priests who pastor us, whether in a parish or some other setting, like my own, as Campus Minister. I believe this year, "Priest Sunday" is October 29-30 in most dioceses. There is also a website you can visit, http://www.thankyoufather.com, where you can post a message for thanking your local priest(s). As with most people, priests, too, do a lot of unseen, unheard of work and that's as it should be, in my opinion, yet I can personally tell you that an occasional expression of thank-you goes a great distance for morale. In my own ministry here at The Hopkins, I find a very supportive group of young men and women, excepting those, of course, who fiendishly enjoy driving me nuts. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: As a med student, I am familiar with the term "embolism." But, recently, I went to a talk on the Catholic liturgy at my hometown parish, and the presenter said something about embolism as it relates to the pre-communion part of the Mass. But he didn't quite explain what he meant and I didn't get the chance to ask him further. Can you help? Chris
Dear Chris: Actually, Chris, there is a kind of similarity between the medical use of embolism, as an obstruction or occlusion in an artery by some mass, and its liturgical reference. In liturgy, an embolism is that short sequel to the Lord's Prayer, inserted right before the Breaking of the Bread and the Kiss of Peace. It begins, "Deliver us, Lord, from every evil" and is really a continuation of the petition to free us from harm and help us make peace in a sense, it is an "insertion " more than an obstruction, but, I suspect, the term was borrowed from medical references nonetheless. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: Need your help. Do you know a good prayer I could use, especially at night, just before I go to bed? I guess I'm kind of lazy, since you post a lot of links here on your website that could direct me to some good prayers. But, I do like to try to get close to Jesus before I go to sleep at night. Because then, I always sleep more peacefully, and just feel better about myself. And, if it's not too personal, what do you prayer just before you go to bed? You probably pray for us, don't you, 'cause we still drive you nuts, right? Thanks, Father. Peter
Hello Peter: Yes, you do still manage to steer the course of my mental stability in somewhat erratic and unexpected directions. No, I don't mind telling you what I pray at night. I always get on my knees, because, for me, that's a humbling moment, and first, I thank God for the days' blessings and crosses. I try to be specific about these, so I don't forget that the Lord is really interested in me and concerned about what has happened. This is all preceded by the Liturgy of Night Prayer. Then, I usually ask the Lord for a restful sleep. My closing words are: "Angel of God, my guardian dear, to whom God's love commits me here; ever this day be at my side, to light, to guard, to rule and guide. " "Now I lay me down to sleep, I pray you, Lord, my soul to keep. If I should die before I wake, I pray you, Lord, my soul to take. " Here's another, from someone else's practice: "Blessed are you, Lord of sunsets and evening stars. I end this day hoping that I have given you praise and thanksgiving with my whole heart, mind and soul. You have been with me in all that I have done this day, and you will be with me as I sleep. Please give me holy rest this night and deep peace. Forgive me for any wrong I have done to you, O God, and to others. Absolve me from the sins I have committed, and any good deeds I have omitted. Thanks, God." Father Ryan
Hi Father Ryan: I am a Peabody student and often come to Mass at the IFC on Sunday mornings. I have been doing some research and came across reference to a "antiphonary." I realize it has to do with the choral antiphons used in connection with the psalms, but obviously, there is more. Any help? (See you on Sunday.) John
Dear John: An "antiphonary" (an-TIF-uh-ner-ee) is a liturgical book (so it's used for services of many kinds) and contains both words and music, often Gregorian chant, and it is mainly used for the choral singing of the Liturgy of the Hours. You would typically find an antiphonary in a monastery, though that's not the only place where such a book is to be found. See you soon, John. Father Ryan
Hi Father Ryan: I am confused as to what a Brieviary is, (I don't think I even spelled that correctly). I know it's a prayerbook, but is it the one you use to say the prayers at Mass? Thanks, see you soon. KM
Dear KM: I can understand your confusion, since, even at Mass, we use a number of different prayer and reading texts. But the "breviary" is not a text we use at liturgy. It's an older, alternate name sometimes given to the 4 large volumes of what we now call "The Liturgy of the Hours," which is recited or sung each day by priests, monks, religious Brothers and Sisters, and a growing number of lay men and women, all of whom use it as way of praising, thanking and petitioning the Lord. The Liturgy of the Hours is composed of psalms, ancient prayers, petitions, classic homilies, exhortations and even biographies. Frankly, I enjoy praying the breviary. I am usually able to participate in this "official" prayer of the Church with Morning Prayer, Noon Prayer, Evening and Night Prayer, and a larger section called, The Office of Readings. I typically find it a calm way of centering, re-organizing my priorities, and, frankly, joining millions of others at these times. If you would like help in working through this more formal type of prayer, let me know and I can get you started. Father Ryan
Dear Padrone Tomas: I think I owe you or someone an apology. You see, last week at Mass, I accidentally put a grocery slip in the offering basket instead of money. The list isn't at all important, but I had written the phone number of a new "friend" on it if you know what I mean. If I don't get it back, I may lose a really important opportunity (again, if you know what I mean). Is there any way you can help? Z (I am not giving any further info on my name, because then you will know who I am and I may experience embarrassment, if you know what I mean).
Dear Zach: First, I already know who you are, so let's get over that right away. Second, you never did apologize. Third, yes, the bank returned the slip to me. Fourth, I called this young lady, explained how careless (but loving) you are, and she's waiting to hear from you. Fifth, you can obtain the phone number for a small ransom if you know what I mean. Sixth, you probably thought you were clever in slipping in the Italian "padrone" for "padre ", but it didn't work, now did it? Lastly, you are a great, faithful young man, beautifully gifted by God. So there. Father Ryan
Dear Father Tom: Is it ok to call you Father Tom? See, I thought your first name was Ryan. I won't call you Padre, as you requested. But I did notice that you spelled that certain word as "pawdre" is this any reference to your deceased canine friend, Sparky? Anyway, my real question is, when can I go to confession? Thanks, Father. CP
Dear CP: Yes, Father Tom is fine. And second yes, the Paw-word is indeed an unimaginative reference a Hopkins' student gave to me when he saw a pix of me and 'ol Sparky. Fortunately, that particular student went to graduate-school heaven. Confession is available one hour before each Sunday liturgy (11 am and 5:30 pm), as I am always early for Mass for that reason. Or, if it's more convenient, just call or email me 410-243-7066 - tttrion@aol.com - and we will find a more convenient time. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: I have never received the Sacrament on Confirmation. Of course, I was baptized and received First Communion and First Penance. What do I need to do? PL
Dear PL: Again, just call me and we will arrange an appropriate preparation for you to receive the Sacrament of Confirmation. That can be done in a number of ways, including receiving the Sacrament in your home parish, or with us, here in the Catholic Community. The prep part is not laborious, but a simple, pretty straight-forward discernment experience that you may choose to join some of our other students in doing. Call me or email me and let's get started. Father Ryan
Dear Father Ryan: What exactly is a "red Mass " or Mass of the Holy Spirit, and how is it different from other Masses? JS
Dear JS: A Red Mass usually describes the color of the vestments used on the occasion of what we call a "votive" Mass, or one that is celebrated for some special occasion such as the opening of councils, deliberative groups, schools and similar occasions when the guidance of the Holy Spirit is invoked. Often, at the beginning of a judicial year, such a Mass is celebrated with judges, court officials, legislative assemblies and civil servants, all with the intention they might exercise equity and prudence while fulfilling their official capacities. Father Ryan
